BBG 22: 2nd Aorist « Previous • Next » BBG 24: Aorist and Future Passive
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Review and Addenda
- Review quiz on chapter 21
- Review workbook exercises on chapter 22
- Download and print Verb Paradigms Chart
- Review Lecture Notes on the Second Aorist from last chapter
First Aorist
- 1st Aorist is the regular form
- Most Greek verbs follow this pattern
- The 2nd Aorist alters the Tense Stem from the Present (usually to Verbal Root)
- The 1st Aorist does not alter the Present Tense Stem, but instead uses the Tense Formative σα
- 1st Aorist Tense Stem is usually identical to Present Tense Stem
- There is no difference in meaning between the 1st and 2nd Aorist – Simple Past
- Aspect of the Aorist is Undefined
- All Aorists have the Augment ε, and therefore all use Secondary Endings
- Most Greek verbs follow this pattern
- Formation of the 1st Aorist Active (23.4-5, 23.17-18)
- Augment + First Aorist Tense Stem + Tense Formative + Secondary personal endings
- Augment is ε, just as in he Imperfect and 2nd Aorist
- 1st Aorist Tense Stem (normally the same as the Present Tense Stem, and the Verbal Root)
- Tense Formative σα (Note that there are no connecting vowels since Tense Formative ends with a vowel)
- Easy to identify in the Active - alters only in 3rd person singular, where the α changes to ε
- Aorist has distinct forms for the Middle and Passive, like the Future tense - Middle is formed the same way, except using the Secondary Middle/Passive endings
- Usual situation in the 2nd person middle: intervocalic sigma drops out and α + ο = ω (23.18)
- when Tense Formative is preceded by a stop, square of stops applies, including -ιζω and -αζω verbs (chart on 23.11)
- Contract verbs lengthen their stem vowels in before the Tense Formative, just as in the Future (23.10)
- Liquid Stems use α for Tense Formative, instead of σα (23.13-14)
- Secondary Endings - importance of memorizing the actual endings, e.g. if you have been then you already know these endings
The Square of Stops (BBG 10.17-20)
| Type | Voiceless | Voiced | Aspirate | Spirant Double (With Sigma) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labials | π | β | φ | + σ => ψ |
| Velars(Palatals) | κ | γ | χ | + σ => ξ |
| Dentals | τ | δ | θ | + σ => σσ => σ |
Master Verb Ending Chart - BBG Appendix under Verb System)
| Voice | Primary Tenses |
Secondary Tenses |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active | |||||
| λύ ω | (-) | ἔ λυ ο ν | (ν) | ||
| λύ εις | (ς) | ἔ λυ ε ς | (ς) | ||
| λύ ει | (ι) | ἔ λυ ε(ν) | (-) | ||
| λύ ο μεν | (μεν) | ἐ λύ ο μεν | (μεν) | ||
| λύ ε τε | (τε) | ἐ λύ ε τε | (τε) | ||
| λύ ουσι(ν) | (νσι) | ἐ λυ ο ν | (ν) | ||
| Middle & Passive | |||||
| λύ ο μαι | (μαι) | ἐ λυ ό μην | (μην) | ||
| λύ ῃ | (σαι) | ἐ λύ ου | (σο) | ||
| λύ ε ται | (ται) | ἐ λύ ε το | (το) | ||
| λυ ό μεθα | (μεθα) | ἐ λυ ό μεθα | (μεθα) | ||
| λύ ε σθε | (σθε) | ἐ λύ ε σθε | (σθε) | ||
| λύ ο νται | (νται) | ἐ λύ ο ντο | (ντο) | ||
Indicative
| Verb Tense | Augment/ Reduplication |
Tense Stem |
Tense Formative |
Connecting Vowel |
Personal Endings |
1st Person Singular |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present Active | — | Present | — | ο/ε | Primary Active | λύω |
| Present Middle/Passive | — | Present | — | ο/ε | Primary Middle/Passive | λύομαι |
| Imperfect Active | ε | Present | — | ο/ε | Secondary Active | ἔλυον |
| Imperfect Middle/Passive | ε | Present | — | ο/ε | Secondary Middle/Passive | ἐλυόμην |
| Future Active | — | Future Active | σ | ο/ε | Primary Active | λύσω |
| Liquid Future Active | — | Future Active | εσ | ο/ε | Primary Active | μενῶ |
| Future Middle | — | Future Active | σ | ο/ε | Primary Middle/Passive | πορεύομαι |
| Liquid Future Middle | — | Future Active | εσ | ο/ε | Primary Middle/Passive | μενοῦμαι |
| 1st Future Passive | — | Aorist Passive | θησ | ο/ε | Primary Middle/Passive | λυθήσομαι |
| 2nd Future Passive | — | Aorist Passive | ησ | ο/ε | Primary Middle/Passive | ἀποσταλήσομαι |
| 1st Aorist Active | ε | Aorist Active | σα | — | Secondary Active | ἔλυσα |
| 1st Aorist Middle | ε | Aorist Active | σα | — | Secondary Middle/Passive | ἐλυσάμην |
| 1st Aorist Passive | ε | Aorist Passive | θη | — | Secondary Active | ἐλύθην |
| Liquid Aorist Active | ε | Aorist Active | α | — | Secondary Active | ἔμεινα |
| 2nd Aorist Active | ε | Aorist Active | — | ο/ε | Secondary Active | ἔλαβον |
| 2nd Aorist Middle | ε | Aorist Active | — | ο/ε | Secondary Middle/Passive | ἐγενόμην |
| 2nd Aorist Passive | ε | Aorist Passive | η | — | Secondary Active | ἐγράφην |
| 1st Perfect Active | λε | Perfect Active | κα | — | Primary Active | λέκυκα |
| 2nd Perfect Active | λε | Perfect Active | α | — | Primary Active | γέγονα |
| Perfect Middle/Passive | λε | Perfect Passive | — | — | Primary Middle/Passive | λέκυμαι |
- Recognizing Liquid Aorists (23.13-15)
- final stem consonant is a liquid ( μ ν λ ρ )
- Tense Formative is α, not σα
- Tense stem is sometimes modified, e.g. μένω
- Liquid Tenses only occur in Future and Aorist
- See list of Liquid Verbs on p.381
- Sometimes you will find 2nd Aorist stems with 1st Aorist endings - Koine Greek was in the process of standardization (23.12)
- Aorist has distinct form for the Middle voice and the Passive voice, as does the Future
- You can recognize an Aorist deponent, because its lexical form (3rd Principal Part) will end with -μην
- Translation of Aorists (23.3) - like the simple English past tense, e.g. ‘I studied’.
- Exegetical Insight - Aorist is sometimes punctiliar, when context so indicates
- See Smyth on 1st Aorist
Review New Vocabulary
- another compound verb with ἔρχομαι
- ἄρχω - has an actual middle meaning - occurs mostly in the middle
- διό is a crasis (contraction) of δία ὅ = ‘on account of which thing’, hence ‘therefore, for this reason’
- δύναμις - See footnote on coming exegetical fallacy
- Learn the Aorists for previous vocabulary
Look at chapter 24 workbook exercises
Video Lectures
Assignments
- Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud
- Prepare for on chapter 23 on 1st Aorist and complete workbook exercise 23 on First Aorist
- All vocabulary to date
- How to form 1st Aorists
- Know 3rd Principal part (Aorist Active Indicative) for any given verb
- Parsing, especially 1st Aorists
- Translation
- All memory verses to date, including the new one below
- Study chapter 24 on Aorist and Future Passive Indicative
- Learn 3rd principal part (Aorist Indicative Active) for all verbs
- Lexical Aids: Appendix II pp 79-85 on compound verbs. Part I pp.1-10 - make sure you know all words with NT occurrences > 150. Pay special attentive to the derivatives
- Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along
- Memory Passasge: 2 Corinthians 3.17 – ὁ δὲ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν· οὗ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα κυρίου, ἐλευθερία.
The Lord's Prayer
ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑθθΑΙΟΝ 6.9-13Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν. (Erasmian)
χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη,Διδάσκαλος Ἀνδρέας