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Review and Addenda

The Second Aorist

  • Read Exegetical Insight
    • Is Matthew 24.24 an Ingressive Aorist?
    • Why is this important?
  • Definition of Aorist (ἀορίστος) : Undefined aspect usually in past time
    • The Aorist is not punctiliar by nature (22.19)
    • Etymology of “Aorist”
      • Alpha privative (negation) examples (atheist, agnostic, amoral, etc.)
      • verb ὁρίζω – determine, appoint, fix, set limits to, define
      • α + ὁριστος = undefined
    • Translate as English simple past tense, e.g. “I ate” “I ran”
    • Indefinite - states only the fact that the action occurred, and nothing else
    • Compare with Imperfect which says something very definite about the action, viz. that its aspect is continuous
  • Aorist Indicative Active is the 3rd Principal Part (or Tense Form) of 6 (22.8)
    • Verbal roots and Principal Parts must be memorized exactly
    • See Previous Words on page 200
    • 2nd Aorist deponents - the 3rd Principal Part has Middle/Passive ending
  • 2 ways of forming the Aorist: 1st Aorist (regular) (chapter 23) and the 2nd Aorist (irregular)
    • Greek verb will have one or the other form, but not both (a few exceptions)
    • There is no difference in meaning between 1st and 2nd Aorist
    • 1st Aorist is considered regular, cf. in English, look, looked
    • 2nd Aorist is considered irregular, cf. in English swim, swam
    • 2nd Aorist is identical to the Imperfect in formation, except for the tense stem
  • Formation of the 2nd Aorist Active (22.5-6)
    • Augment ε - follows the same rules as for the Imperfect
    • 2nd Aorist Tense Stem (unmodified Verbal Root)
    • Connecting Vowel (same as the Present Tense, cf 16.5)
    • Secondary Active Endings (why? because this tense uses the augment)
      • 2nd Aorist has no Tense Formative
  • Formation of the 2nd Aorist Middle (22.14-15)
    • Augment ε - follows the same rules as for the Imperfect
    • 2nd Aorist Tense Stem (unmodified Verbal Root)
    • Connecting Vowel (same as the Present Tense, cf 16.5)
    • Secondary Middle/Passive Endings (why? because this tense uses the augment)
      • 2nd Aorist has no Tense Formative
      • 2nd Aorist deponents - the 3rd Principal Part has Middle/Passive ending
      • As with the Future, the Aorist has a different Tense stem for the Passive (the 6th Principal Part) (22.17)
  • 2nd Aorist & Present Active tense stems will ALWAYS be different (22.8)
    • Verbal Root is always modified to form the present, e.g βαλ → βαλλ and λαβ → λαμβαν.
      • See other examples in 22.8
    • The 2nd Aorist Tense Stem almost always uses the unmodified Verbal Root for its tense stem
    • This is how you can distinguish an Imperfect from a 2nd Aorist, which both have the augment and secondary endings - The 2nd Aorist looks like the Imperfect except for the Tense Stem (22.6,11,15)
    • Compare λαμβάνω in Imperfect and 2nd Aorist: ἐλαμβάνον vs. ἔλαβον, ἔβαλλον vs. ἔβαλον. Which is which?
    • When translating, focus on the Tense Stem first to avoid confusing the Imperfect with the 2nd Aorist
    • See page 397 of all verbs occurring > 50 times in NT, which have 2nd Aorists
  • List of most common 2nd Aorist verbs in Appendix under “Second Aorists”
  • Exegesis Section - Different uses of the Aorist
  • See Smyth on the 2nd Aorist

Indicative

Verb Tense Augment/
Reduplication		 Tense
Stem		 Tense
Formative		 Connecting
Vowel		 Personal
Endings		 1st Person
Singular
 
Present Active — Present — ο/ε Primary Active λύω
Present Middle/Passive — Present — ο/ε Primary Middle/Passive λύομαι
 
Imperfect Active ε Present — ο/ε Secondary Active ἔλυον
Imperfect Middle/Passive ε Present — ο/ε Secondary Middle/Passive ἐλυόμην
 
Future Active — Future Active σ ο/ε Primary Active λύσω
Liquid Future Active — Future Active εσ ο/ε Primary Active μενῶ
Future Middle — Future Active σ ο/ε Primary Middle/Passive πορεύομαι
Liquid Future Middle — Future Active εσ ο/ε Primary Middle/Passive μενοῦμαι
1st Future Passive — Aorist Passive θησ ο/ε Primary Middle/Passive λυθήσομαι
2nd Future Passive — Aorist Passive ησ ο/ε Primary Middle/Passive ἀποσταλήσομαι
 
1st Aorist Active ε Aorist Active σα — Secondary Active ἔλυσα
1st Aorist Middle ε Aorist Active σα — Secondary Middle/Passive ἐλυσάμην
1st Aorist Passive ε Aorist Passive θη — Secondary Active ἐλύθην
Liquid Aorist Active ε Aorist Active α — Secondary Active ἔμεινα
2nd Aorist Active ε Aorist Active — ο/ε Secondary Active ἔλαβον
2nd Aorist Middle ε Aorist Active — ο/ε Secondary Middle/Passive ἐγενόμην
2nd Aorist Passive ε Aorist Passive η — Secondary Active ἐγράφην
 
1st Perfect Active λε Perfect Active κα — Primary Active λέκυκα
2nd Perfect Active λε Perfect Active α — Primary Active γέγονα
Perfect Middle/Passive λε Perfect Passive — — Primary Middle/Passive λέκυμαι

Review New Vocabulary et. al.

  • Note all the new verbs have 2nd Aorists
  • Remember to learn the principal parts, especially for verbs that are irregular (2nd Aorists are considered irregular, which is why we don’t use λύω in the paradigm)
  • What kind of future does ἀποθνῄσκω have?
  • What kind of future does βάλλω have?
  • What are some English derivatives of γῆ ?
  • What voice is γίνομαι in the Present? the Future? the Aorist?
  • Note the Principal Parts of compound verbs like ἐξέρχομαι
  • Note the obvious meanings of the compound verbs εἰσ έρχομαι ἐξ έρχομαι and προσ έρχομαι (Appendix II Lexical Aids)
  • Note the formation of the Future Deponent in γίνομαι and λαμβάνω
  • Note the conjugation of the 2nd Aorist for γινώσκω
  • Note the “Imperfect” conjugation of οἶδα, which is actually Pluperfect in form (22.18)
  • Look at chapter 22 workbook exercises

Video Lectures

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Assignments

  • Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud
  • Complete workbook exercises for chapter 22
  • Prepare for quiz next week on chapter 22 on 2nd Aorist
    • All vocabulary to date
    • The meaning of the Aorist, and how it is formed
    • Know 3rd Principal part (Aorist Active Indicative) for any given verb
    • Parsing, especially 2nd Aorists
    • Translation
    • All memory verses to date
  • Study chapter 23 on the 1st Aorist
  • Learn 3rd principal part (Aorist Indicative Active) for all verbs
  • Lexical Aids: Appendix II pp 79-85 on compound verbs. Part I pp.1-10 - make sure you know all words with NT occurrences > 150. Pay special attentive to the derivatives
  • Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along

The Lord's Prayer

ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑθθΑΙΟΝ 6.9-13
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
    ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
    ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
    γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν. (Erasmian)

χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη,
Διδάσκαλος Ἀνδρέας