• Time – when the action occurred, from the point of view of the speaker or writer (Past, Present or Future)
• Aspect (15.8, 17) – what kind or type of action the verb describes (this the genius of the Greek verb):
  • Simple (or undefined) “I eat”
  • Continuous (imperfective) “I am eating”
  • Completed (perfective) “I have eaten”
    • Completed aspect can be punctiliar (snapshot vs. movie [continuous]) – must determine by context (15.9)
  • We can express the same verb, with the aspects above, in a different time e.g. in the past: “I ate” “I was eating” “I had eaten”, or in the future: “I will eat” “I will be eating” “I will have eaten”

• Verbs must agree with their subject in Person and Number
• example for number: “We is studying Greek” or “We are studying Greek” (or Ebonic: “We be studying Greek”)
• example for person: “I tells you the truth” or “I tell you the truth” (or Ebonic: “I be telling y’all da troof”)
• This is done with inflection in Greek, i.e. the personal endings on verbs.

• As in English 3 persons and 2 numbers (singular and plural)

• Lexical Form is always the 1st Person Singular Present Active Indicative
• Greek verbs do not have case.

Present Indicative Active

• Action usually occurs in present time, from the point of view of the speaker or writer (16.14)
• Aspect is either Simple (Undefined) or Continuous (Imperfective) (16.13)
• The Active voice indicates that the subject is performing the action of the verb
• The Indicative mood states a fact or asks a question. The relationship of the verb to reality is that of actuality, as opposed to wish, desire, probability, command.
• Components: Present Tense Stem, Connecting Vowel and Personal Ending (16.3)
  • Tense Stem (16.4) – the most basic form of the verb, like the stem of a noun.
    • It carries the basic, primitive meaning of the verb
    • It is usually the same in all tenses
    • You find the stem by removing the connecting vowel, and personal ending.
  • Connecting Vowel (16.5) (a.k.a “thematic vowel”) -
    • makes verbs more euphonious, i.e. easier to pronounce
    • when personal ending begins with μ or ν it is omicron
    • otherwise it is epsilon
    • when there is no ending, it can be either
  • Personal Ending (16.6,11)
    • designates Person and Number
    • personal endings indicate the agreement of the verb with its subject (in person and number)
    • when subject is expressed, you can confirm by checking verb’s personal ending
    • either Primary or Secondary – the Present Tense uses Primary endings
  • Active Voice (16.8) – subject does the action, as compared with Middle and Passive Voices
  • The Paradigm and the endings (16.10, 16.11)
• Personal pronouns in the Nominative Case (16.15)
  • These are optional. When included, it is often for emphasis.
  • The pronoun lets you know the gender of the subject, which the personal ending by itself does not.
  • See Exegetical Insight ἐγώ εἰμι (subject is implicit in Greek verb, when stated explicitly, is is often for emphasis)
• See Smyth on Present System of Verb

Master Verb Ending Chart (BBG p.352)

Master Indicative Verb Chart (BBG p.354)

Review New Vocabulary

• For verbs, after the number NT occurrences, is listed the verb’s Present Tense Stem, preceded by *
• Verbs are also listed with their 6 principal parts

Exegesis – p.138

Assignments

• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Quiz next week on chapter 16
  • All vocabulary
  • Components of Present Active Indicative verb
  • Aspects of the Present Tense
  • Be able to write the full paradigm of the Present Active Indicative
  • Use of personal pronouns with verbs
  • Be able to parse verbs in the Present Indicative Active
• Study chapters 15 and 16, and complete workbook exercise 16
• Read chapter 17
• Lexical Aids: Review Part I pp.1-8 and know all words with NT occurrences > 500. Pay special attentive to the derivatives. Read Appendix I, and be able to articulate and give examples of “Grimm’s Law”
• Start taking your Greek NT to church with you, and read along as much as you can.
• Memory passage: Matthew 5.3

Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. (Listen)

The Lord’s Prayer (Listen)

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου· ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον· καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν.