• As Verbs
  • participles have Tense (Present, Aorist, Perfect) and Voice (Active, Middle, Passive, Deponent) (26.10-26.11)
  • if a verb is deponent, its participle will be also
  • Participles are usually negated by μή rather than ὀυ since ὀυ negates the indicative, and participles are not indicative
  • No personal endings, since particples are not limited by a subject (26.16)
• Ad Adjectives
  • like all adjectives, participles agree with what they modify in what? Case, Gender and Number (26.12)
  • The subject of a participle can be discovered by what seeing what it agrees with in the sentence (26.13)
• Parse: Tense, Voice, “Participle”, Case, Gender, Number, Lexical Form, Inflected Meaning (26.17)
  • e.g. λύοντες: Present Active Participle, Nominative Masculine Plural of λύω, “loosing”

• The modifiers of a participle (direct object, adverbs, prepositional phrases) make up the participial phrase (26.3, 26.14)
• As verbal adjectives, participles can be used either adverbially or adjectivally – 26.2
  • Adverbial – the action of the participle is directed toward the verb
  • Adjectival – modifies a noun or pronoun
  • Whether a participle is adverbial or adjectival is determined by? ... Context.
• Formation
  • participles can be built on any verb
  • the participle morpheme (smallest unit of meaning in word formation) is ντ
• ASPECT
  • This is the essence of the Greek participle, the key to understanding
  • The tense of the participle indicates its aspect, not the time the action occurs
    • Present: Continuous
    • Aorist: Undefined
    • Perfect: Completed

Quiz on Chapter 26 – Introduction to Participles

Present Adverbial Participles

• Present Participle indicates Continuous Aspect
  • Participles have no absolute time element, since they are not Indicative.
  • Participles do have relative time, i.e. they derive time from that of the main verb.
  • Consideration of Aspect must be paramount in your translation
  • Present Participle is called present because it is built on the Present Tense stem
• Adverbial Particples say something about the action of the main verb
  • Therefore translate as an adverbial clause, e.g. “while he was walking…”
    • Temporal – e.g. “while he was walking…”
    • Causal – e.g. “because he was preoccupied…”
    • ...and other types of adverbial clauses
• Agreement – even adverbial participles must agree with a noun or pronoun in Case, Gender and Number
  • The pronoun may not be explicitly stated, but be implicit in the verb
• Voice of the Participle
  • if active, the noun or pronoun with which the participle agrees does the action, e.g. “while reading the book…”
  • if passive, the noun or pronoun with which the participle agrees receives the action, e.g. “being filled with joy…” (use the English word “being” when translation passive participles)
  • consider voice in your translation, after you have determined aspect
• Adverbial Participles are always anarthrous (no article) – this is often helpful is determining if a participle is being used adverbial or adjectival
• Formation of Present Participle (27.4):
  • Present Tense Stem + Connecting vowel + Participle Morpheme + Case Endings
  • e.g. πιστευ + ο + ντ + ες = πιστεύοντες
  • Participle Morphemes (27.3)
    • ντ – Active masculine and neuter, is 3rd declension
    • ουσα – Present Feminine
    • μενο/η – Middle/Passive
    • οτ – Perfect (Chapter 30)
  • learn the Six Forms to help in learning all Particple Paradigms (27.6)
• Paradigm of Present Active Participle (27.5, p.377)
  • very similiar to πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν (p.351)
  • Contract Verb forms are regular (27.7)
• Paradigm of Present Middle/Passive Particple (27.11)
  • same as any 2-1-2 ending adjective, once you know the particple morpheme
• Translation of Participles: Discover Aspect, then Voice, then Meaning.

Master Participle Chart (Mounce p.357)

Morpheme	Tense/Voice	Case Endings
ντ	all Active and Aorist Passive	3-1-3
οτ	Perfect Active	3-1-3
μενο/η	all Middle/Passive and all Middle	2-1-2

Tense and Voice	Redup.	Tense Stem	Tense Form. or Conn. Vowel	Morpheme	Nom. Plural	Six Memory Forms
Present Active	—	Present	ο	ντ / ουσα	λέγοντες	ων, ουσα, ον οντος, ουσης, οντος
Present Middle/Passive	—	Present	ο	μενο / η	λεγόμενοι	ομενος, ομενη, ομενον ομενου, ομενης, ομενου
1st Aorist Active	—	Aorist Active	σα	ντ / σα	λύσαντες	σας, σασα, σαν σαντος, σασης, σαντος
1st Aorist Middle	—	Aorist Active	σα	μενο / η	λυσάμενοι	σαμενος, σαμενη, σαμενον σαμενου, σαμενης, σαμενου
1st Aorist Passive	—	Aorist Passive	θε	ντ	λυθέντες	θεις, θεισα, θεν θεντος, θεισης, θεντος
2nd Aorist Active	—	Aorist Active	ο	ντ	βαλόντες	ων, ουσα, ον οντος, ουσης, οντος
2nd Aorist Middle	—	Aorist Active	ο	μενο / η	γενόμενοι	ομενος, ομενη, ομενον ομενου, ομενης, ομενου
2nd Aorist Passive	—	Aorist Passive	ε	ντ	γραφέντες	εις, εισα, εν εντος, εισης, εντος
Perfect Active	λε	Perfect Active	κ	οτ	λελυκότες	κως, κυια, κος κοτος, κυιας, κοτος
Perfect Middle/Passive	λε	Perfect Midddle/Passive	—	μενο / η	λελυμένοι	μενος, μενη, μενον μενου, μενης, μενου

Workbook Exercise # 27

New Vocabulary

• cf. ἀναβαίνω and καταβαίνω (I go up, and I go down) consider compound verbs in Lexical Aids, Appendix II
• compound noun ἀρχιερεύς
• English derivatives of δέξιος, e.g. ‘ambidextrous’ = “two right hands”
• Etymology of ἑτερόδοξος vs. ὀρθόδοξος

Scripture Memory for next week

2 Cor. 3.17 – ὁ δὲ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν· οὗ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα κυρίου, ἐλευθερία.

Exegetical Insight

2 Cor. 3.18 ἡμεῖς δὲ πάντες ἀνακεκαλυμμένῳ προσώπῳ τὴν δόξαν κυρίου κατοπτριζόμενοι τὴν αὐτὴν εἰκόνα μεταμορφούμεθα ἀπὸ δόξης εἰς δόξαν καθάπερ ἀπὸ κυρίου πνεύματος.

• ἀνακεκαλυμμένῳ – ἀνακαλύπτω (ἀνά, καλύπτω) perfect middle participle neuter singular dative: to uncover, disclose
• κατοπτριζόμενοι – κατοπτρίζω (κατά, ὁράω) Verb present middle participle masculine plural nominative to look, reflect

Assignments

• Weekly Memorization: 2 Cor. 3.17
• Complete workbook exercise 27
• Prepare for quiz next week on chapter 27 – Present Adverbial Participles
  • Know paradigm of Present Active Participle (27.5)
    • Hence also Present Active Participle of εἰμι (27.9)
  • Know paradigm of Present Middle/Passive Participle (27.11)
  • Memorize Master Participle Chart (27.14)
  • All vocabulary
  • Translation from Workbook exercises
  • Any of the memory passages
• Study chapter 28 on Aorist Adverbial Participles
• Begin workbook exercise 28 on the same
• Review all 6 principal parts for all verbs to date, also check Lexical Aids, Appendix IV
• Review Lexical Aids, Appendix II, on Compound Verbs
• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along as you are able

The Lord’s Prayer

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
   ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
   ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
   ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
ἀμήν.

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χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη,   Διδάσκαλος Ἀνδρέας Ἀέρος     :-)