• Both are built on the 6th Principal Part (aka Tense Form)
  • e.g. λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, -, -, ἐλύθην
  • We will learn the 4th and 5th Principal Parts (Perfect Active, Perfect Middle/Passive) next chapter
• Formation of Aorist Passive:
  • Temporal Augment ε
    • Indicates Past Time
    • Always goes with Secondary Endings
  • Aorist Passive Tense Stem
    • Usually the same as the Present Tense Stem in 1st Aorist,
    • It often varies in the 2nd Aorist (the paradigmatic γράφω, γράψω, ἐγράφην does not)
  • Tense Formative θη (1st Aorist) or η (2nd Aorist)
    • The presence of θη is a fairly reliable indicator of the Aorist Passive
    • Stops will aspirate before the Tense Formative θη – See 24.10 and footnote 4
    • No connecting vowels. (Why?) – Tense Formative ends with a vowel
  • Secondary Active Endings
    • Alternative ending -σαν in 3rd Plural
• Paradigms for Aorist Passive
  • 1st Aorist Passive – 24.4-5
  • 2nd Aorist Passive – 24.11-12
• Formation of Future Passive
  • Aorist Passive Tense Stem (no augment – why?)
  • Tense Formative θης (1st Future) or ης (Second Future)
    • Sigma is adding for the Future, just as in the Active
  • Connecting Vowel (ο/ε)
  • Primary Passive Endings
    • -θησαν is Aorist Passive 3rd Plural, not Future Passive – only exception to the θης pattern.
• Translate Future Passive – λυθήσομαι -> “I will be loosed”
• Paradigms for Future Passive
  • 1st Future Passive – 24.14-15
  • 2nd Future Passive – 24.18-19
• Deponent Futures may be Middle in form or Passive in Form
  • Compare γενήσομαι (Middle Form) and φοβηθήσομαι (Passive Form) – both deponents (Active meaning), “I will become” and “I will be afraid” respectively

Perfect Indicative – See Smyth on the Perfect

• Exegetical Insight – τετέλεσται
• Perfect Tense: past time (from the speaker’s viewpoint), completed action
  • Action occurred and was completed in the past, but its effect are felt in the present
    • English has no exact equivalent to the Greek Perfect Tense
    • We translate using helping verbs have/has/is with the participle, past or present, depending on context
      • e.g. πεπίστευκας – You have believed
      • e.g. γέγραπται – It is written
    • Often used to express significant theological truth, e.g. “Jesus died” vs. “Jesus has died (for our sins)”
• Formation and Paradigm of the Perfect Active (25.4-5)
  • Reduplication
    • Consonantal – initial consonant of Tense Stem is doubled, followed by ε, e.g. λελ
      • Aspirates reduplicate to Voiceless

The Square of Stops (Mounce p. 83)

	Voiceless	Voiced	Aspirate	With Sigma
Labials	π	β	φ	+ σ => ψ
Velars(Palatals)	κ	γ	χ	+ σ => ξ
Dentals	τ	δ	θ	+ σ => σσ => σ

• Vocalic – initial vowel of Tense Stem is lengthened
  • Diphthongs often do not lengthen
  • Verbs beginning with a consonantal cluster (2 or more consonants), will usually have vocalic reduplication, e.g. γνω (γινώσκω) -> ἔγνωκα
• Compound verbs reduplicate the verbal part of the verb

• Perfect Active Tense Stem (4th Principal Part, aka “Tense Form”)
• Tense Formative κα (α for 2nd Perfects)
  • In 3rd singular, κα -> κε as in Aorist σα -> σε
• Primary Active Personal Endings
  • 3rd person plural variant καν, similar to 1st Aorist

• Formation and Paradigm of the Perfect Middle/Passive (25.6-7)
  • Reduplication
  • Perfect Middle/Passive Tense Stem (5th Principal Part, aka “Tense Form”)
  • Primary Middle/Passive Personal Endings
    • No Tense Formative or Connecting Vowel
• Contract vowels lengthen, as in the Future and Aorist

Master Verb Chart (Mounce p.356)

Verb Tense	Augment/ Reduplication	Tense Stem	Tense Formative	Connecting Vowel	Personal Endings	1st Person Singular
Present Active	—	Present	—	ο/ε	Primary Active	λύω
Present Middle/Passive	—	Present	—	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	λύομαι
Imperfect Active	ε	Present	—	ο/ε	Secondary Active	ἔλυον
Imperfect Middle/Passive	ε	Present	—	ο/ε	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐλυόμην
Future Active	—	Future Active	σ	ο/ε	Primary Active	λύσω
Liquid Future Active	—	Future Active	εσ	ο/ε	Primary Active	μενῶ
Future Middle	—	Future Active	σ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	πορεύομαι
Liquid Future Middle	—	Future Active	εσ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	μενοῦμαι
1st Future Passive	—	Aorist Passive	θησ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	λυθήσομαι
2nd Future Passive	—	Aorist Passive	ησ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	ἀποσταλήσομαι
1st Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	σα	—	Secondary Active	ἔλυσα
Liquid Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	α	—	Secondary Active	ἔμεινα
2nd Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	—	ο/ε	Secondary Active	ἔλαβον
1st Aorist Middle	ε	Aorist Active	σα	—	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐλυσάμην
2nd Aorist Middle	ε	Aorist Active	—	ο/ε	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐγενόμην
1st Aorist Passive	ε	Aorist Passive	θη	—	Secondary Active	ἐλύθην
2nd Aorist Passive	ε	Aorist Passive	η	—	Secondary Active	ἐγράφην
1st Perfect Active	λε	Perfect Active	κα	—	Primary Active	λέκυκα
2nd Perfect Active	λε	Perfect Active	α	—	Primary Active	γέγονα
Perfect Middle/Passive	λε	Perfect Passive	—	—	Primary Middle/Passive	λέκυμαι

Meaning of the Middle Voice (25.17)

• The action of the verb somehow affects the subject
• Most middles are active in meaning

Review New Vocabulary

• Note that you are now learning 4 principal parts
• After next week you will be learning all 6
• Learn the 6th Principal Part for previous vocabulary

Review principal parts (pp. 222-223)

Look at chapter 25 workbook exercises

Assignments

• Final Exam is in 2 weeks. It will cumulatively cover the entire year’s work:
  • Review Noun Rules, 1st, 2nd, 3rd declensions, etc. as well as everything from this semester
  • All work in workbook must be complete before you take the Exam, through the review on chapters 21-25.
• Prepare for quiz next week on chapter 25 on the Perfect, and complete workbook exercise 25 on the same
• Review Exercise on chapters 21-25 will be the following week
• Learn all 6 principal parts for all verbs to date
• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Lexical Aids: Appendix II pp 79-85 on compound verbs. Part I pp.1-10 – make sure you know all words with NT occurrences > 150. Pay special attentive to the derivatives
• Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along

The Lord’s Prayer

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
   ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
   ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
   ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
ἀμήν.

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χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη,   Διδάσκαλος Ἀνδρέας Ἀέρος     :-)