• The 1st Aorist does not alter the Present Tense Stem, but instead uses the Tense Formative σα
• 1st Aorist Tense Stem is usually identical to Present Tense Stem

• There is no differnce in meaning between the 1st and 2nd Aorist—Simple Past
• Aspect of the Aorist is Undefined
• All Aorists use Secondary Endings, and therefor all have the Temporal Augment ε

• Formation of the 1st Aorist (23.4-5, 23.17-18)
  • Temporal Augment ε
  • 1st Aorist Tense Stem
  • Tense Formative σα (Note that there are no connecting vowels since Tense Formative ends with a vowel)
    • Easy to identify in the Active – alters only in 3rd person singular
    • when Tense Formative is preceded by a stop, square of stops applies, including -ιζω and -αζω verbs (see chart below)
    • Contract verbs lengthen their stem vowels in before the Tense Formation, just as in the Future
    • Liquid Stems use α for Tense Formative, instead of σα (23.13-14)
  • Secondary Endings – importance of memorizing the actual endings

The Square of Stops (Mounce p. 83)

	Voiceless	Voiced	Aspirate	With Sigma
Labials	π	β	φ	+ σ => ψ
Velars(Palatals)	κ	γ	χ	+ σ => ξ
Dentals	τ	δ	θ	+ σ => σσ => σ

Master Verb Ending Chart

Voice	Primary Tenses			Secondary Tenses
Active
	λύ ω	(-)		ἔ λυ ο ν	(ν)
	λύ εις	(ς)		ἔ λυ ε ς	(ς)
	λύ ει	(ι)		ἔ λυ ε(ν)	(-)
	λύ ο μεν	(μεν)		ἐ λύ ο μεν	(μεν)
	λύ ε τε	(τε)		ἐ λύ ε τε	(τε)
	λύ ουσι(ν)	(νσι)		ἐ λυ ο ν	(ν)
Middle & Passive
	λύ ο μαι	(μαι)		ἐ λυ ό μην	(μην)
	λύ ῃ	(σαι)		ἐ λύ ου	(σο)
	λύ ε ται	(ται)		ἐ λύ ε το	(το)
	λυ ό μεθα	(μεθα)		ἐ λυ ό μεθα	(μεθα)
	λύ ε σθε	(σθε)		ἐ λύ ε σθε	(σθε)
	λύ ο νται	(νται)		ἐ λύ ο ντο	(ντο)

Master Verb Chart (Mounce p.356)

Verb Tense	Augment/ Reduplication	Tense Stem	Tense Formative	Connecting Vowel	Personal Endings	1st Person Singular
Present Active	—	Present	—	ο/ε	Primary Active	λύω
Present Middle/Passive	—	Present	—	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	λύομαι
Imperfect Active	ε	Present	—	ο/ε	Secondary Active	ἔλυον
Imperfect Middle/Passive	ε	Present	—	ο/ε	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐλυόμην
Future Active	—	Future Active	σ	ο/ε	Primary Active	λύσω
Liquid Future Active	—	Future Active	εσ	ο/ε	Primary Active	μενῶ
Future Middle	—	Future Active	σ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	πορεύομαι
Liquid Future Middle	—	Future Active	εσ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	μενοῦμαι
1st Future Passive	—	Aorist Passive	θησ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	λυθήσομαι
2nd Future Passive	—	Aorist Passive	ησ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	ἀποσταλήσομαι
1st Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	σα	—	Secondary Active	ἔλυσα
Liquid Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	α	—	Secondary Active	ἔμεινα
2nd Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	—	ο/ε	Secondary Active	ἔλαβον
1st Aorist Middle	ε	Aorist Active	σα	—	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐλυσάμην
2nd Aorist Middle	ε	Aorist Active	—	ο/ε	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐγενόμην
1st Aorist Passive	ε	Aorist Passive	θη	—	Secondary Active	ἐλύθην
2nd Aorist Passive	ε	Aorist Passive	η	—	Secondary Active	ἐγράφην
1st Perfect Active	λε	Perfect Active	κα	—	Primary Active	λέκυκα
2nd Perfect Active	λε	Perfect Active	α	—	Primary Active	γέγονα
Perfect Middle/Passive	λε	Perfect Passive	—	—	Primary Middle/Passive	λέκυμαι

• How to recognize a Liquid Aorist:
  • final stem consonant is a liquid (μνλρ)
  • Tense Formative is α, not σα
  • (Liquid Tenses only occur in Future and Aorist)
• Sometimes you will find 2nd Aorist stems with 1st Aorist endings – Koine Greek was in the process of standardization
• Aorist has distinct form for the Middle voice and the Passive voice, as does the Future
• You can recognize an Aorist deponent, because its lexical form will end with -μην

Aorist and Future Passives

• Read Exegetical Insight on p. 212
• In English we form passives by using helping verbs, was/were/will be, e.g. ‘you were taken’
  • See Appendix on p. 353
  • This is how we will translate the Aorist and Future passives
• Both are built on the 6th Principal Part (aka Tense Form)
  • e.g. λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, -, -, ἐλύθην
  • We will learn the 4th and 5th Principal Parts (Perfect Active, Perfect Middle/Passive) next chapter
• Formation of Aorist Passive:
  • Temporal Augment ε
    • Indicates Past Time
    • Always goes with Secondary Endings
  • Aorist Passive Tense Stem
    • Usually the same as the Present Tense Stem in 1st Aorist,
    • It often varies in the 2nd Aorist (the paradigmatic γράφω, γράψω, ἐγράφην does not)
  • Tense Formative θη (1st Aorist) or η (2nd Aorist)
    • The presence of θη is a fairly reliable indicator of the Aorist Passive
    • Stops will aspirate before the Tense Formative θη – See 24.10 and footnote 4
    • No connecting vowels. (Why?) – Tense Formative ends with a vowel
  • Secondary Active Endings
    • Alternative ending -σαν in 3rd Plural
• Paradigms for Aorist Passive
  • 1st Aorist Passive – 24.4-5
  • 2nd Aorist Passive – 24.11-12
• Formation of Future Passive
  • Aorist Passive Tense Stem (no augment – why?)
  • Tense Formative θης (1st Future) or ης (Second Future)
    • Sigma is adding for the Future, just as in the Active
  • Connecting Vowel (ο/ε)
  • Primary Passive Endings
    • -θησαν is Aorist Passive 3rd Plural, not Future Passive – only exception to the θης pattern.
• Translate Future Passive – λυθήσομαι -> “I will be loosed”
• Paradigms for Future Passive
  • 1st Future Passive – 24.14-15
  • 2nd Future Passive – 24.18-19
• Deponent Futures may be Middle in form or Passive in Form
  • Compare γενήσομαι (Middle Form) and φοβηθήσομαι (Passive Form) – both deponents (Active meaning), “I will become” and “I will be afraid” respectively

Review New Vocabulary

• Note that you are now learning 4 principal parts
• After next week you will be learning all 6
• Learn the 6th Principal Part for previous vocabulary

Review principal parts (pp. 222-223)

Look at chapter 25 workbook exercises

Assignments

• Final Exam is 3 weeks away. It will cumulatively cover the entire year’s work:
  • Review Noun Rules, 1st, 2nd, 3rd declensions, etc. as well as everything from this semester
• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Prepare for quiz next week on chapter 24 on Aorist and Future Passive, and complete workbook exercise 24 on the same
• Study chapter 25 on the Perfect Indicative
• Learn 6th principal part (Aorist Passive) for all verbs to date
• Lexical Aids: Appendix II pp 79-85 on compound verbs. Part I pp.1-10 – make sure you know all words with NT occurrences > 150. Pay special attentive to the derivatives
• Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along

The Lord’s Prayer

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
   ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
   ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
   ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
ἀμήν.

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χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη,   Διδάσκαλος Ἀνδρέας Ἀέρος     :-)