• Imperfect Tense: Aspect = Continuous, Time = Past
  • As you would expect, there are 3 different Greek tense which express action in past time,n one for each aspect: Imperfect, Aorist, and Pluperfect
  • Aspect is usually the most important element of the Greek verb. The Future Tense is an exception to this rule.
• Occurs only in the Indicative Mood
• Formed with:
  • Temporal Augement ε
    • The Temporal Augment prefix in Greek is similar to the -ed suffix in English, in that it indicates Past Time. Not exactly (consider aspect), but similar.
    • When tense stem begins with a vowel, it Temporal Augment vowel lengthens, e.g. ἠγάπων. See 21.10 b.
    • When tense stem begins with diphthong, first vowel lengthens, or it remains unchanged. See 21.10. c.
    • In compound verbs the Temporal Augment comes after the preposition, e.g ἐκέβαλλον
      • if the preposition ends with a vowel, that final vowel will usually drop out. See 21.20
      • Preposition ἐκ changes to ἐξ before the Temporal Augment ε
  • Present Tense Stem (1st Principal Part)
    • Verbs that are deponent in the Present are also in the Imperfect, since they use the same stem
  • Connecting Vowel ο/ε (same as Present and Future) – follow the same rules – almost always visible in Imperfect
  • Secondary Personal Endings (Active or Middle/Passive)
• Note similarities between Primary and Secondary personal endings. See 12.15
• 2nd Sing. Middle/Passive contracts similar to Present e.g. ἐλυ ε σο -> ἐλύου
• Learn the Imperfect Paradigms in 21.7, 21.9 and 21.22 (Contract)
• Memorize the Imperfect of εἰμί in 21.23
• The Imperfect forms, if they occur, are listed in parentheses in the vocabulary.

Review Verb endings

• You have now learned all the personal endings for the verbs, so you can choose:
  • Either learn around 200 verb paradigms by rote, or
  • Learn these 4 sets of endings, and the 6 principal parts
  • Verb forms using Primary Endings do not use an augment
  • Verb forms using Secondary Endings do use an augment
  • Therefore you can determine whether or not a verb has an augment, by learn by looking at which ending it is using. This is very helpful in parsing.

Master Verb Ending Chart

The Second Aorist – See Smyth on the 2nd Aorist

• Read Exegetical Insight
• Definition of Aorist (ἀορίστος) : Undefined aspect usually in past time
  • Alpha privative (negation) examples (atheist, agnostic, amoral, etc.)
  • verb ὁρίζω – determine, appoint, fix, set limits to, define
  • α + ὁριστος = undefined
  • Translate as English simple past tense, e.g. “I ate” “I ran”
  • Indefinite – states only the fact that the action occurred, and nothing else
  • Compare with Imperfect which says something very definite about the action, viz. that its aspect is continuous
• Aorist Indicative Active is the 3rd Principal Part (or Tense Form) of 6 (22.8)
  • Verbal roots and Principal Parts must be memorized exactly
  • See Previous Words on page 200
• 2 ways of forming the Aorist: 1st Aorist (chapter 23) and the 2nd Aorist
  • Greek verb will have one or the other form, but not both (a few exceptions)
  • There is no difference in meaning between 1st and 2nd Aorist
  • 1st Aorist is considered regular, cf. in English, look, looked
  • 2nd Aorist is considered irregular, cf. in English swim, swam
• 2nd Aorist & Present Active tense stems will ALWAYS be different
  • Verbal Root is always modified to form the present, e.g βαλ → βαλλ and λαβ → λαμβαν
  • The 2nd Aorist Tense Stem almost always uses the unmodified Verbal Root for its tense stem
  • This is how you can distinguish an Imperfect from a 2nd Aorist, which both have the temporal augment and secondary endings – The 2nd Aorist looks like the Imperfect except for the Tense Stem (22.11)
  • Compare λαμβάνω in Imperfect and 2nd Aorist: ἐλαμβάνον vs. ἔλαβον
  • When translating, focus on the Tense Stem first to avoid confusing the Imperfect with the 2nd Aorist
  • See page 397 of all verbs occurring > 50 times in NT, which have 2nd Aorists
• Formation of the 2nd Aorist (22.5-6, 22.14-15)
  • Temporal Augment ε
  • 2nd Aorist Tense Stem (unmodified Verbal Root)
  • Connecting Vowel
  • Secondary Endings

Master Verb Chart (Mounce p.356)

Review New Vocabulary

• Note all the new verbs have 2nd Aorists
• Remember to learn the principal parts, especially for verbs that are irregular (2nd Aorists are considered irregular, which is why we don’t use λύω in the paradigm)
• What kind of future does ἀποθνῄσκω have?
• What kind of future does βάλλω have?
• What are some English derivatives of γῆ ?
• What voice is γίνομαι in the Present? the Future? the Aorist?
• Note the obvious meanings of the compound verbs εἰσ έρχομαι ἐξ έρχομαι and προσ έρχομαι (Appendix II Lexical Aids)
• Note the formation of the Future Deponent in γίνομαι and λαμβάνω

Look at chapter 22 workbook exercises

Assignments

• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Prepare for quiz next week on chapter 22 on 2nd Aorist
• Study chapter 23, and complete workbook exercise 23 on First Aorist
• Learn 3rd principal part (Aorist Indicative Active) for all verbs
• Lexical Aids: Appendix II pp 79-85 on compound verbs. Part I pp.1-10 – make sure you know all words with NT occurrences > 150. Pay special attentive to the derivatives
• Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along

The Lord’s Prayer

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
   ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
   ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
   ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
ἀμήν.