Review Verbal Roots and Tense Stems

• The Verbal Root is most basic form of a verb, it is not the same as the Verbal Tense Stem
• The Verbal Root is given in the vocabulary when you learn a new verb, e.g. αγαπα
• The Tense Stem is basic form of the verb in a particular tense
• The different Tense Stems (Present, Future, Aorist…) are all derived from the Verbal Root – it is critical that you grasp this, or you will become quite confused and make things much more difficult
• The Present Tense Stem may be the same as the Verbal Root, e.g. λυ -> λυ but often it is altered, e.g. βαλ -> βαλλ – Again, all the Tense Stems are derived from the Verbal Root, not from the Present Tense Stem
• In fact, the Present Tense Stem is the most irregular of all the Tense Stems
• Memorize the patterns for the 1st Principal Part (Present Tense Stem) (20.7)
1. Verbal Root is not modified (20.8)
   • Verbal Roots ending in iota or upsilon, e.g. ἀκου -» ἀκούω
   • Contract Verbs
   • Roots ending in a stop
   • Liquid Futures – see below
2. Verbal Root is modified according to rules (20.9)
   • Root endings in a stop
     • ιζω / αζω verbs, e.g. βαπτιδ -> βαπτίζω in which final δ changes to ζ for euphony
     • ασσω verbs, e.g. ταραχ -> ταράσσω
   • Double consonants, e.g βαλ -> βαλλω
   • Letter(s) added to form the Present Tense, which are not added in other tenses,
     • Iota eg. αρ -> αἴρω
     • (ι)σκ e.g. αποθαν -> ἀποθνᾐσκω
3. Principal Parts (Tense Forms) are irregular – need to memorize
   • Linguistic consolidation of verbs
   • happens often when one Tense is deponent and another isn’t
• Review 20.12 for practice with different forms
• See pp 382 ff. for most common verbs – forms to be memorize (3.) are underlined

Review Liquid Futures

• Liquid verbs are those whose verbal stem ends in a liquid (λ,μ,ν,ρ)
• Tense stem is usually different than the present, e.g. Present βαλλ and Future βαλ
• Tense Formative for Liquid Futures is εσ instead of plain σ
• Sigma does not like to stand between 2 vowels, so it drops out
• The remaining epsilon of the Tense Formative contracts with the Connecting Vowel
• Learn the Liquid Future paradigms in 20.16 and 20.18
• Always have accent over the contracted vowel, except in 1st Plural Middle.
• Liquid Futures looks the same as Present of epsilon Contract Verbs – so you must distinguish them by know the lexical form
• “Consonants carry the meaning of words, not vowels+ (20.23) cf. Lexical Aids pp. 76-77 (Grimm’s Law)

Master Verb Chart (Mounce p.356)

Verb Tense	Augment/ Reduplication	Tense Stem	Tense Formative	Connecting Vowel	Personal Endings	1st Person Singular
Present Active	—	Present	—	ο/ε	Primary Active	λύω
Present Middle/Passive	—	Present	—	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	λύομαι
Imperfect Active	ε	Present	—	ο/ε	Secondary Active	ἔλυον
Imperfect Middle/Passive	ε	Present	—	ο/ε	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐλυόμην
Future Active	—	Future Active	σ	ο/ε	Primary Active	λύσω
Liquid Future Active	—	Future Active	εσ	ο/ε	Primary Active	μενῶ
Future Middle	—	Future Active	σ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	πορεύομαι
Liquid Future Middle	—	Future Active	εσ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	μενοῦμαι
1st Future Passive	—	Aorist Passive	θησ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	λυθήσομαι
2nd Future Passive	—	Aorist Passive	ησ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	ἀποσταλήσομαι
1st Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	σα	—	Secondary Active	ἔλυσα
Liquid Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	α	—	Secondary Active	ἔμεινα
2nd Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	—	ο/ε	Secondary Active	ἔλαβον
1st Aorist Middle	ε	Aorist Active	σα	—	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐλυσάμην
2nd Aorist Middle	ε	Aorist Active	—	ο/ε	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐγενόμην
1st Aorist Passive	ε	Aorist Passive	θη	—	Secondary Active	ἐλύθην
2nd Aorist Passive	ε	Aorist Passive	η	—	Secondary Active	ἐγράφην
1st Perfect Active	λε	Perfect Active	κα	—	Primary Active	λέκυκα
2nd Perfect Active	λε	Perfect Active	α	—	Primary Active	γέγονα
Perfect Middle/Passive	λε	Perfect Passive	—	—	Primary Middle/Passive	λέκυμαι

Review Compound Verbs

• Formed by preposition joined to a verb, e.g. ἐκβάλλω
• Preposition in some way intensifies the meaning of the verb

Imperfect Indictative – See Smyth on the Present and Imperfect Systems of the Verb

• Read Exegetical Insight—
• Imperfect Tense: Aspect = Continuous, Time = Past
  • As you would expect, there are 3 different Greek tense which express action in past time,n one for each aspect: Imperfect, Aorist, and Pluperfect
  • Aspect is usually the most important element of the Greek verb. The Future Tense is an exception to this rule.
• Occurs only in the Indicative Mood
• Formed with:
  • Temporal Augement ε
    • The Temporal Augment prefix in Greek is similar to the -ed suffix in English, in that it indicates Past Time. Not exactly (consider aspect), but similar.
    • When tense stem begins with a vowel, it Temporal Augment vowel lengthens, e.g. ἠγάπων. See 21.10 b.
    • When tense stem begins with diphthong, first vowel lengthens, or it remains unchanged. See 21.10. c.
    • In compound verbs the Temporal Augment comes after the preposition, e.g ἐκέβαλλον
      • if the preposition ends with a vowel, that final vowel will usually drop out. See 21.20
      • Preposition ἐκ changes to ἐξ before the Temporal Augment ε
  • Present Tense Stem (1st Principal Part)
    • Verbs that are deponent in the Present are also in the Imperfect, since they use the same stem
  • Connecting Vowel ο/ε (same as Present and Future) – follow the same rules – almost always visible in Imperfect
  • Secondary Personal Endings (Active or Middle/Passive)
• Note similarities between Primary and Secondary personal endings. See 12.15
• 2nd Sing. Middle/Passive contracts similar to Present e.g. ἐλυ ε σο -> ἐλύου
• Learn the Imperfect Paradigms in 21.7, 21.9 and 21.22 (Contract)
• Memorize the Imperfect of εἰμί in 21.23
• The Imperfect forms, if they occur, are listed in parentheses in the vocabulary.

Verb endings

• You have now learned all the personal endings for the verbs, so you can choose:
  • Either learn around 200 verb paradigms by rote, or
  • Learn these 4 sets of endings, and the 6 principal parts
  • Verb forms using Primary Endings do not use an augment
  • Verb forms using Secondary Endings do use an augment
  • Therefore you can determine whether or not a verb has an augment, by looking at which ending it is using. This is very helpful in parsing.

Master Verb Ending Chart

Voice	Primary Tenses			Secondary Tenses
Active
	λύ ω	(-)		ἔ λυ ο ν	(ν)
	λύ εις	(ς)		ἔ λυ ε ς	(ς)
	λύ ει	(ι)		ἔ λυ ε(ν)	(-)
	λύ ο μεν	(μεν)		ἐ λύ ο μεν	(μεν)
	λύ ε τε	(τε)		ἐ λύ ε τε	(τε)
	λύ ουσι(ν)	(νσι)		ἐ λυ ο ν	(ν)
Middle & Passive
	λύ ο μαι	(μαι)		ἐ λυ ό μην	(μην)
	λύ ῃ	(σαι)		ἐ λύ ου	(σο)
	λύ ε ται	(ται)		ἐ λύ ε το	(το)
	λυ ό μεθα	(μεθα)		ἐ λυ ό μεθα	(μεθα)
	λύ ε σθε	(σθε)		ἐ λύ ε σθε	(σθε)
	λύ ο νται	(νται)		ἐ λύ ο ντο	(ντο)

Review New Vocabulary

• Note the compound verbs, and identity their Imperfect forms
• Reminder: Read the footnotes, e.g 17 concerning the monothelite heresy.

Assignments

• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Quiz in two weeks on chapter 21
• Study chapter 21, and complete workbook exercise 21
• Read chapter 22 on 2nd Aorist Indicative Active/Middle
• Lexical Aids: Appendix II pp 79-85 on compound verbs. Part I pp.1-10 – make sure you know all words with NT occurrences > 150. Pay special attentive to the derivatives
• Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along

The Lord’s Prayer

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
   ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
   ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
   ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
ἀμήν.

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χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη,   Διδάσκαλος Ἀνδρέας Ἀέρος     :-)