Review of Future Active and Middle

• See Smyth on Future Active and Middle
• The Future Tense indicates action that occurs in the future (from speaker’s point of view)
  • Of all the Greek tenses, the Future has the strongest sense of Time
  • remember that all Greek verbs tenses denote both Time and Aspect, and the latter is usually the more important of the two—but not so with the Future Tense
  • Aspect is therefore most often Simple (Undefined) e.g. “I will study” rather than “I will be studying”
• Forming the Future:
  • There are 3 patterns for forming the Future – we are learning the 1st pattern for now, the one in which the Tense Stem of the Future is the same as the Present
    • Roots ending in ι or υ e.g ἀκούω
    • Contract Verbs (more on this below)
    • Roots ending in a stop (more on this below)
  • Future Indicative Active – Future Active Tense Stem + Tense Formative σ + Connecting Vowel (ο/ε) + Primary Active Personal endings
    • The Future Active Tense Stem is derived from the 2nd of the 6 Principal Parts (tense forms)
    • Principal Parts e.g. λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα, λέλυμαι, ἐλύθην
    • As with the Present, you drop the ending, including the connecting vowel, from the Principal Part, to get the Tense Stem
    • Tense Formative of the Future Tense is σ
    • Connecting vowels are the same as in the Present (ο/ε) ο before μ or ν otherwise ε
    • Same endings as the Present (Primary Active)
    • Learn the paradigm in 19.10
  • Future Indicative Middle – Future Active Tense Stem + Tense Formative σ + Connecting Vowel (ο/ε) + Primary Passive Personal endings
    • Unlike the Present, the Middle and Passive forms are distinct in the Future Tense
    • All Middles we will learn for awhile will be deponent(active in meaning)
    • Verbs which are not deponent in the Present, can be deponent in the Future
      • e.g γινώσκω, γνώσομαι …
      • Learn the paradigm of the deponent future of εἰμί in 19.19
    • Learn the paradigm in 19.17

• Contract Verbs (see 19.12)
  • We know what happens when the Contract Vowel (final letter of verb stem: α,ε,ο) meets with a connecting vowel, as in the present: they contract
  • When the Contract Vowel, does not encounter a vowel, but another consonant, the Contract Vowel lenghtens
    • α -> η
    • ε -> η
    • ο -> ω
    • This is the case in the future, because the Contract Vowel meets the Tense Formative σ
    • ἀγαπάω, ἀγαπήσω
    • The accent will always be over the lengthened Contract Vowel
    • This is not restricted to the Future, but the Future is an example of this rule applied

• Verb stems which end with a stop – Apply The Square of Stops to see how it will combine with the Tense Formative σ (See 19.13)

  	Voiceless	Voiced	Aspirate	With Sigma
  Labials	π	β	φ	+ σ => ψ
  Velars(Palatals)	κ	γ	χ	+ σ => ξ
  Dentals	τ	δ	θ	+ σ => σσ => σ

• Exegetical Insight, chapter 19 – borrowing from Hebrew idiom, Greek futures can be used you to give a command, e.g. “you will not steal”

The Square of Stops (Mounce p. 83)

	Voiceless	Voiced	Aspirate	With Sigma
Labials	π	β	φ	+ σ => ψ
Velars(Palatals)	κ	γ	χ	+ σ => ξ
Dentals	τ	δ	θ	+ σ => σσ => σ

Master Verb Ending Chart (Mounce p.354)

Voice	Primary Tenses			Secondary Tenses
Active
	λύ ω	(-)		ἔ λυ ο ν	(ν)
	λύ εις	(ς)		ἔ λυ ε ς	(ς)
	λύ ει	(ι)		ἔ λυ ε(ν)	(-)
	λύ ο μεν	(μεν)		ἐ λύ ο μεν	(μεν)
	λύ ε τε	(τε)		ἐ λύ ε τε	(τε)
	λύ ουσι(ν)	(νσι)		ἐ λυ ο ν	(ν)
Middle & Passive
	λύ ο μαι	(μαι)		ἐ λυ ό μην	(μην)
	λύ ῃ	(σαι)		ἐ λύ ου	(σο)
	λύ ε ται	(ται)		ἐ λύ ε το	(το)
	λυ ό μεθα	(μεθα)		ἐ λυ ό μεθα	(μεθα)
	λύ ε σθε	(σθε)		ἐ λύ ε σθε	(σθε)
	λύ ο νται	(νται)		ἐ λύ ο ντο	(ντο)

Verbal Roots and Tense Stems

• The Verbal Root is most basic form of a verb, it is not the same as the Verbal Tense Stem
• The Verbal Root is given in the vocabulary when you learn a new verb, e.g. αγαπα
• The Tense Stem is basic form of the verb in a particular tense
• The different Tense Stems (Present, Future, Aorist…) are all derived from the Verbal Root – it is critical that you grasp this, or you will become quite confused and make things much more difficult
• The Present Tense Stem may be the same as the Verbal Root, e.g. λυ -> λυ but often it is altered, e.g. βαλ -> βαλλ – Again, all the Tense Stems are derived from the Verbal Root, not from the Present Tense Stem
• In fact, the Present Tense Stem is the most irregular of all the Tense Stems
• Memorize the patterns for the 1st Principal Part (Present Tense Stem) (20.7)
1. Verbal Root is not modified (20.8)
   • Verbal Roots ending in iota or upsilon, e.g. ἀκου -» ἀκούω
   • Contract Verbs
   • Roots ending in a stop
   • Liquid Futures – see below
2. Verbal Root is modified according to rules (20.9)
   • Root endings in a stop
     • ιζω / αζω verbs, e.g. βαπτιδ -> βαπτίζω in which final δ changes to ζ for euphony
     • ασσω verbs, e.g. ταραχ -> ταράσσω
   • Double consonants, e.g βαλ -> βαλλω
   • Letter(s) added to form the Present Tense, which are not added in other tenses,
     • Iota eg. αρ -> αἴρω
     • (ι)σκ e.g. αποθαν -> ἀποθνᾐσκω
3. Principal Parts (Tense Forms) are irregular – need to memorize
   • Linguistic consolidation of verbs
   • happens often when one Tense is deponent and another isn’t
• Review 20.12 for practice with different forms
• See pp 382 ff. for most common verbs – forms to be memorize (3.) are underlined

Liquid Futures

• Liquid verbs are those whose verbal stem ends in a liquid (λ,μ,ν,ρ)
• Tense stem is usually different than the present, e.g. Present βαλλ and Future βαλ
• Tense Formative for Liquid Futures is εσ instead of plain σ
• Sigma does not like to stand between 2 vowels, so it drops out
• The remaining epsilon of the Tense Formative contracts with the Connecting Vowel
• Learn the Liquid Future paradigms in 20.16 and 20.18
• Always have accent over the contracted vowel, except in 1st Plural Middle.
• Liquid Futures looks the same as Present of epsilon Contract Verbs – so you must distinguish them by know the lexical form
• “Consonants carry the meaning of words, not vowels+ (20.23) cf. Lexical Aids pp. 76-77 (Grimm’s Law)

Master Verb Chart (Mounce p.356)

Verb Tense	Augment/ Reduplication	Tense Stem	Tense Formative	Connecting Vowel	Personal Endings	1st Person Singular
Present Active	—	Present	—	ο/ε	Primary Active	λύω
Present Middle/Passive	—	Present	—	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	λύομαι
Imperfect Active	ε	Present	—	ο/ε	Secondary Active	ἔλυον
Imperfect Middle/Passive	ε	Present	—	ο/ε	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐλυόμην
Future Active	—	Future Active	σ	ο/ε	Primary Active	λύσω
Liquid Future Active	—	Future Active	εσ	ο/ε	Primary Active	μενῶ
Future Middle	—	Future Active	σ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	πορεύομαι
Liquid Future Middle	—	Future Active	εσ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	μενοῦμαι
1st Future Passive	—	Aorist Passive	θησ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	λυθήσομαι
2nd Future Passive	—	Aorist Passive	ησ	ο/ε	Primary Middle/Passive	ἀποσταλήσομαι
1st Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	σα	—	Secondary Active	ἔλυσα
Liquid Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	α	—	Secondary Active	ἔμεινα
2nd Aorist Active	ε	Aorist Active	—	ο/ε	Secondary Active	ἔλαβον
1st Aorist Middle	ε	Aorist Active	σα	—	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐλυσάμην
2nd Aorist Middle	ε	Aorist Active	—	ο/ε	Secondary Middle/Passive	ἐγενόμην
1st Aorist Passive	ε	Aorist Passive	θη	—	Secondary Active	ἐλύθην
2nd Aorist Passive	ε	Aorist Passive	η	—	Secondary Active	ἐγράφην
1st Perfect Active	λε	Perfect Active	κα	—	Primary Active	λέκυκα
2nd Perfect Active	λε	Perfect Active	α	—	Primary Active	γέγονα
Perfect Middle/Passive	λε	Perfect Passive	—	—	Primary Middle/Passive	λέκυμαι

Compound Verbs

• Formed by preposition joined to a verb, e.g. ἐκβάλλω
• Preposition in some way intensifies the meaning of the verb

Review New Vocabulary

• Reminder: Read the footnotes!

Assignments

• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Quiz next week on chapter 20
• Study chapters 20, and complete workbook exercise 20
• Workbook Review #4 will be due week after next
• Mid-term Exam in 2 weeks – will cover chapters 1-20, esp. chapters 15-20
• Lexical Aids: No new assignments. Part I pp.1-10 – make sure you know all words with NT occurrences > 150. Pay special attentive to the derivatives
• Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along

The Lord’s Prayer

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
   ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
   ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
   ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
ἀμήν.

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χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη,   Διδάσκαλος Ἀνδρέας Ἀέρος     :-)