Review of Present Indicative Middle and Passive -

• See Smyth on Verb Voices
• Voice describes relationship between the verb and the subject:
  • Active – Subject does the action, e.g. “I hit the ball”
  • Passive – Subject receives the action, e.g. “I was hit by the ball” (“by” often clues you in to the Passive voice)
    • In Greek this is expressed by either ὑπό + the genitive, e.g. ὑπ’ Ἄνδρέου “by Andrew”
    • or simple Instrumental Dative, e.g. λογῷ τοῦ θεοῦ “by the Word of God”
  • Middle – Subject does the action, and the action somehow returns to the subject, e.g. “I hit the ball (to myself)”
• You can review English verb tenses in Mounce, p.353
• In the Present Tense, Middles and Passives have the same form (not true in all tenses)
• Present Passive
  • Present Tense Stem + Connecting Vowel + Primary Passive Personal Endings
  • Formed same as Present Active Indicative, except the Primary Passive Personal Endings are used
  • Connecting vowels are more visible than in the Active
  • 2nd Person Singular – λυ + ε + σαι – sigma drops out, εαι contract to ῃ
  • Aspect can be Simple or Continuous, just like Present Active, e.g. “I am hit” or “I am being hit”
• Present Middle
  • Formed the same as present passive
  • Majority of Present Middles in NT are deponent
• Deponent Verbs – Middle/Passive in form, Active in meaning
  • From the Latin deponens “laying aside” since the Middle Voice is “laid aside”
  • You can always tell if a verb is deponent by its lexical form (always middle or passive)
  • Verb may be deponent in one tense, and not in another
  • When you parse a deponent, indicate “deponent” for voice, rather than “Active” or “Middle”
• Contract Forms of Middle/Passive verbs (Mounce 18.18)
  • Follow the rules of contraction

Future Active and Middle – See Smyth on Future Active and Middle

• The Future Tense indicates action that occurs in the future (from speaker’s point of view)
  • Of all the Greek tenses, the Future has the strongest sense of Time
  • remember that all Greek verbs tenses denote both Time and Aspect, and the latter is usually the more important of the two—but not so with the Future Tense
  • Aspect is therefore most often Simple (Undefined) e.g. “I will study” rather than “I will be studying”
• Forming the Future:
  • There are 3 patterns for forming the Future – we are learning the 1st pattern for now, the one in which the Tense Stem of the Future is the same as the Present
    • Roots ending in ι or υ e.g ἀκούω
    • Contract Verbs (more on this below)
    • Roots ending in a stop (more on this below)
  • Future Indicative Active – Future Active Tense Stem + Tense Formative σ + Connecting Vowel (ο/ε) + Primary Active Personal endings
    • The Future Active Tense Stem is derived from the 2nd of the 6 Principal Parts (tense forms)
    • Principal Parts e.g. λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα, λέλυμαι, ἐλύθην
    • As with the Present, you drop the ending, including the connecting vowel, from the Principal Part, to get the Tense Stem
    • Tense Formative of the Future Tense is σ
    • Connecting vowels are the same as in the Present (ο/ε) ο before μ or ν otherwise ε
    • Same endings as the Present (Primary Active)
    • Learn the paradigm in 19.10
  • Future Indicative Middle – Future Active Tense Stem + Tense Formative σ + Connecting Vowel (ο/ε) + Primary Passive Personal endings
    • Unlike the Present, the Middle and Passive forms are distinct in the Future Tense
    • All Middles we will learn for awhile will be deponent(active in meaning)
    • Verbs which are not deponent in the Present, can be deponent in the Future
      • e.g γινώσκω, γνώσομαι …
      • Learn the paradigm of the deponent future of εἰμί in 19.19
    • Learn the paradigm in 19.17
• Contract Verbs (see 19.12)
  • We know what happens when the Contract Vowel (final letter of verb stem: α,ε,ο) meets with a connecting vowel, as in the present: they contract
  • When the Contract Vowel, does not encounter a vowel, but another consonant, the Contract Vowel lenghtens
    • α -> η
    • ε -> η
    • ο -> ω
    • This is the case in the future, because the Contract Vowel meets the Tense Formative σ
    • ἀγαπάω, ἀγαπήσω
    • The accent will always be over the lengthened Contract Vowel
    • This is not restricted to the Future, but the Future is an example of this rule applied
• Verb stems which end with a stop – Apply The Square of Stops to see how it will combine with the Tense Formative σ (See 19.13)

The Square of Stops (Mounce p. 83)

• Exegetical Insight, chapter 19 – borrowing from Hebrew idiom, Greek futures can be used you to give a command, e.g. “you will not steal”

Master Verb Ending Chart (Mounce p.354)

Master Verb Chart (Mounce p.356)

Review New Vocabulary

• βασιλέυς – example of nouns formed with -ευς to denote the person associated. See Lexical Aids p. 52 et al.
• Note the stems of verbs when learning vocabulary

Assignments

• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Quiz next week on chapter 19
• Study chapters 19, and complete workbook exercise 19
• Read chapter 20 on Verbal Roots, and other forms of the Future
• Mid-term Exam in 3 weeks – will cover chapters 1-20, esp. chapters 15-20
• Lexical Aids: No new assignments. Part I pp.1-10 – make sure you know all words with NT occurrences > 150. Pay special attentive to the derivatives
• Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along

The Lord’s Prayer

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
   ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
   ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
   ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
ἀμήν.