Review of Contract Verbs

• DEFINITION: Contract verbs have stems ending in α, ε, or ο (alpha, epsilon and omicron), e.g. ἀγαπάω
• The final vowel of the verb stem (α, ε, or ο) combines with with the connecting vowel and contracts
• Contraction occurs only in 2 tenses: The Present and the Imperfect
• Epsilon Contracts are by far the most common
• RULES OF CONTRACTION generalized
1. ου <- εο οε οο
2. ει <- εε
3. ω <- ο.. ω.. ..ο .. ω (almost any combination of ο or ω with any other vowel(s) )
4. α <- αε ( ᾳ <- αει )
5. η <- εα (ῃ <- εαι)
6. οι <- οει
7. Contraction of Diphthongs
   1. Double letters simplify, i.e. one of the two drops out ει <- ε ει
   2. Final iotas subscript, if possible
   3. Final upsilons drop off
8. Contract verbs contract based on the visible endings, not the actual ones

• RULES OF CONTRACTION by stem (see Mounce p.340)
  • Alpha Contracts (α) – ἀγαπάω
    • α + ε = α
    • α + ει = ᾳ
    • α + ο = ω
    • α + ου = ω
  • Epsilon Contracts (ε) – ποιέω (by far the most common)
    • ε + ε = ει
    • ε + ει = ει
    • ε + ο = ου
    • ε + ου = ου
  • Omicron Contracts (ο) – πληρόω
    • ο + ε = ου
    • ο + ει = οι
    • ο + (anything else) = ω

• There is almost always a circumflex over contracted vowels. Since the accent of verbs is recessive the circumflex helps you recognize that a particular verb form is a contract, because the circumflex accent is on the ultima.
• Apply the rules to actual verbs (ἀγαπάω, ποιέω, πληρόω), e.g. 17.8

Present Indicative Middle and Passive – See Smyth on Verb Voices

• Voice describes relationship between the verb and the subject:
  • Active – Subject does the action, e.g. “I hit the ball”
  • Passive – Subject receives the action, e.g. “I was hit by the ball” (“by” often clues you in to the Passive voice)
    • In Greek this is expressed by either ὑπό + the genitive, e.g. ὑπ’ Ἄνδρέου “by Andrew”
    • or simple Instrumental Dative, e.g. λογῷ τοῦ θεοῦ “by the Word of God”
  • Middle – Subject does the action, and the action somehow returns to the subject, e.g. “I hit the ball (to myself)”
• You can review English verb tenses in Mounce, p.353
• In the Present Tense, Middles and Passives have the same form (not true in all tenses)
• Present Passive
  • Present Tense Stem + Connecting Vowel + Primary Passive Personal Endings
  • Formed same as Present Active Indicative, except the Primary Passive Personal Endings are used
  • Learn the paradigm in 18.7

    	λύ ομαι	(μαι)
    	λύ ῃ	(σαι)
    	λύ εται	(ται)
    	λυ όμεθα	(μεθα)
    	λύ εσθε	(σθε)
    	λύ ονται	(νται)

• Connecting vowels are more visible than in the Active
• 2nd Person Singular – λυ + ε + σαι – sigma drops out, εαι contract to ῃ
• Aspect can be Simple or Continuous, just like Present Active, e.g. “I am hit” or “I am being hit”

• Present Middle
  • Formed the same as present passive
  • Majority of Present Middles in NT are deponent
• Deponent Verbs – Middle/Passive in form, Active in meaning
  • From the Latin deponens “laying aside” since the Middle Voice is “laid aside”
  • You can always tell if a verb is deponent by its lexical form (always middle or passive)
  • Verb may be deponent in one tense, and not in another
  • When you parse a deponent, indicate “deponent” for voice, rather than “Active” or “Middle”
• Contract Forms of Middle/Passive verbs (Mounce 18.18)
  • Follow the rules of contraction

Master Verb Ending Chart

Master Verb Chart (Mounce p.356)

Review New Vocabulary

Assignments

• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Quiz next week on chapter 18
• Study chapters 18, and complete workbook exercise 18
• Read chapter 19 on the Future Indicative Middle/Passive
• Lexical Aids: Part I pp.1-10 – make sure you know all words with NT occurrences > 150. Pay special attentive to the derivatives
• Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along

The Lord’s Prayer

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
   ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
   ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
   ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
ἀμήν.