Review of Present Indicative Active

• Action usually occurs in present time, from the point of view of the speaker or writer
• Aspect is either Simple or Continuous
• Components: Present Tense Stem, Connecting Vowel and Personal Ending
  • Tense Stem – the most basic form of the verb, like the stem of a noun. It is usually the same in all tenses
  • Connecting Vowel (a.k.a “thematic vowel”) – make verbs more euphonious, i.e. easier to pronounce
    • when personal ending begins with μ or ν it is omicron
    • otherwise it is epsilon
    • when there is no ending, it can be either
  • Personal Ending – designates person and number
    • personal endings indicate the agreement of the verb with its subject (in person and number)
    • when subject is expressed, you can confirm by checking verb’s personal ending
    • either Primary or Secondary – Present Tense uses Primary endings
  • Active Voice – subject does the action, as compared with Middle and Passive Voice
  • The Paradigm and the endings – 16.10 – 16.11
• Personal pronouns are optional. When included, it is often for emphasis (see Exegetical Insight for chapter 16)

Master Verb Ending Chart

Master Verb Chart (Mounce p.356)

Contract Verbs – See Smyth on Contract Verbs

• Exegetical Insight for chapter 17 – Example of the importance of the Continuous Aspect of the Present Tense
• DEFINITION: Contract verbs have stems ending in α, ε, or ο (alpha, epsilon and omicron), e.g. ἀγαπάω
• The final vowel of the verb stem (α, ε, or ο) combines with with the connecting vowel and contracts
• Contraction occurs only in 2 tenses: The Present and the Imperfect
• Epsilon Contracts are by far the most common
• RULES OF CONTRACTION generalized
1. ου <- εο οε οο
2. ει <- εε
3. ω <- ο.. ω.. ..ο .. ω (almost any combination of ο or ω with any other vowel(s) )
4. α <- αε ( ᾳ <- αει )
5. η <- εα (ῃ <- εαι)
6. οι <- οει
7. Contraction of Diphthongs
   1. Double letters simplify, i.e. one of the two drops out ει <- ε ει
   2. Final iotas subscript, if possible
   3. Final upsilons drop off
8. Contract verbs contract based on the visible endings, not the actual ones

• RULES OF CONTRACTION by stem (see Mounce p.340)
  • Alpha Contracts (α) – ἀγαπάω
    • α + ε = α
    • α + ει = ᾳ
    • α + ο = ω
    • α + ου = ω
  • Epsilon Contracts (ε) – ποιέω (by far the most common)
    • ε + ε = ει
    • ε + ει = ει
    • ε + ο = ου
    • ε + ου = ου
  • Omicron Contracts (ο) – πληρόω
    • ο + ε = ου
    • ο + ει = οι
    • ο + (anything else) = ω

• There is almost always a circumflex over contracted vowels. Since the accent of verbs is recessive the circumflex helps you recognize that a particular verb form is a contract, because the circumflex accent is on the ultima.
• Apply the rules to actual verbs (ἀγαπάω, ποιέω, πληρόω), e.g. 17.8

Review New Vocabulary

• οἶδα – actually the perfect form of obsolete verb εἴδω, (root ϝιδ [‘wid’] “I see”, cognate of Latin video), hence perfect “I have seen” = “I know”

Assignments

• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Quiz next week on chapter 17
• Study chapters 17, and complete workbook exercise 17
• Read chapter 18 on the Present Indicative Middle/Passive
• Lexical Aids: Study Part I pp.8-10 and review pp.1-8 to know all words with NT occurrences > 150. Pay special attentive to the derivatives
• Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along

The Lord’s Prayer

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
   ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
   ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
   ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
ἀμήν.