• Verbs have Person, Number, Tense, Mood and Voice (parse in this order)
  • Person: 1st, 2nd or 3rd
  • Number: Singular or Plural
  • Tense: Present, Imperfect, Future, Aorist, Perfect and Pluperfect (includes both Time and Aspect – more on this below)
  • Mood = the relationship between the verb and reality, e.g. is it a statement of fact, something probable, something desired, a command, etc., or you could say, “something that is” “something that may be” etc.
    • Finite: Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative (we will have only the Indicative Mood this semester)
    • Infinite (verbal noun), e.g. “to go”
  • Voice: Active, Middle, Passive – relationship between the verb and the subject, e.g. the subject did the action, or the action was done to the subject, or…
• Tense includes Time and Aspect (Do not confuse “Tense” and “Time”)
  • Time – when the action occurred, from the point of view of the speaker or writer
  • Aspect – what type of action the verb describes:
    • Simple (undefined) “I eat”
    • Continuous (imperfective) “I am eating”
    • Completed (perfective) “I have eaten” NOTE: Completed can be punctiliar (snapshot) – must determine by context NOTE: We can express the same verb, with the aspects above, in a different time (“I ate” “I was eating” “I had eaten”)
• Exegetical Insight – p. 129 ἐγώ εἰμι (subject is implicit in Greek verb, when stated explicitly, is is often for emphasis)

Present Indicative Active – See Smyth on Present System of Verb

• Action usually occurs in present time, from the point of view of the speaker or writer
• Aspect is either Simple or Continuous
• Components: Present Tense Stem, Connecting Vowel and Personal Ending
  • Tense Stem – the most basic form of the verb, like the stem of a noun. It is usually the same in all tenses
  • Connecting Vowel (a.k.a “thematic vowel”) – make verbs more euphonious, i.e. easier to pronounce
    • when personal ending begins with μ or ν it is omicron
    • otherwise it is epsilon
    • when there is no ending, it can be either
  • Personal Ending – designates person and number
    • personal endings indicate the agreement of the verb with its subject (in person and number)
    • when subject is expressed, you can confirm by checking verb’s personal ending
    • either Primary or Secondary – Present Tense uses Primary endings
  • Active Voice – subject does the action, as compared with Middle and Passive Voice
  • The Paradigm and the endings – 16.10 – 16.11
• Personal pronouns are optional. When included, it is often for emphasis (see Exegetical Insight)

Master Verb Ending Chart (Mounce p.354)

Master Verb Chart (Mounce p.356)

Review New Vocabulary

Assignments

• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Quiz next week on chapter 16
• Study chapters 15 and 16, and complete workbook exercise 16
• Read chapter 17
• Lexical Aids: Review Part I pp.1-8 and know all words with NT occurrences > 500. Pay special attentive to the derivatives. Read Appendix I, and be able to articulate and give examples of “Grimm’s Law”
• Start taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along

The Lord’s Prayer

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
   ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
   ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
   ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
ἀμήν.