Scripture Memory for this week

Review all previous passages:

• John 14.6 – λέγει αὐτῷ [ὁ] Ἰησοῦς· ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή· οὐδεὶς ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸν πατέρα εἰ μὴ δι᾿ ἐμοῦ.

• 2 Cor. 3.17 – ὁ δὲ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν· οὗ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα κυρίου, ἐλευθερία.

• Romans 3.21 – Νυνὶ δὲ χωρὶς νόμου δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ πεφανέρωται μαρτυρουμένη ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν

• Ephesians 5.20 – εὐχαριστοῦντες πάντοτε ὑπὲρ πάντων ἐν ὀνόματι τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τῷ θεῷ καὶ πατρί.

• John 17.3 – αὕτη δέ ἐστιν ἡ αἰώνιος ζωὴ ἵνα γινώσκωσιν σὲ τὸν μόνον ἀληθινὸν θεὸν καὶ ὃν ἀπέστειλας Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν.

• Luke 5.32 – οὐκ ἐλήλυθα καλέσαι δικαίους ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλοὺς εἰς μετάνοιαν.

• Genesis 1.3 – καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός γενηθήτω φῶς καὶ ἐγένετο φῶς.

• John 1.17 – ὅτι ὁ νόμος διὰ Μωϋσέως ἐδόθη, ἡ χάρις καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐγένετο.

• Matthew 6.9-13 –

  The Lord’s Prayer

  
  

  Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
  ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου· ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
  τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
  καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
  καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
  ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
  ἀμήν.

• Romans 5.1 – Δικαιωθέντες οὖν ἐκ πίστεως εἰρήνην ἔχομεν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν διὰ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ.

• James 1.12 – Μακάριος ἀνὴρ ὃς ὑπομένει πειρασμόν, ὅτι δόκιμος γενόμενος λήμψεται τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς ὃν ἐπηγγείλατο τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν.

Review of Mid-Term Exam

Summary of Greek Moods

Moods indicate the relation of the action of the verb to reality.

INDICATIVE – the mood of reality

• Latin indicatus, past participle of indicare, from in- + dicare to proclaim
• “constituting a verb form that represents the denoted act or state as an objective fact” (Webster)
• The Indicative Mood is the mood of reality
• We have studied only the Indicative Mood thus far.
  
  
  
  • whether making a statement, or asking a question about what is factual and real.



• This does not mean that everything stated in the Indicative Mood is true, but only that it is being stated
  
  
  
  • as opposed to being wished for, hoped for, commanded, considered a possiblity, etc.
  
  
  • If someone says “Jesus was just a good teacher”, he is making a statement about reality, from his point of view. Therefore it is Indicative, though it is not actually true.



• This is the only mood which has time significance. All the other moods have significance of aspect only

SUBJUNCTIVE – the mood of possibility

• Latin subjunctivus, from subjunctus, past participle of subjungere to join beneath, subordinate
• “constituting a verb form that represents a denoted act or state not as fact but as contingent or possible” (Webster)

OPTATIVE – the mood of wish

• Latin optativus, from optare to wish
• “constituting a verbal mood that is expressive of wish or desire” (Webster)

IMPERATIVE – the mood of command

• Latin imperativus, from imperatus, past participle of imperare to command
• “constituting the grammatical mood that expresses the will to influence the behavior of another” (Webster)

Subjunctives

• Whereas the Indicative Mood is the mood of reality,
  The Subjunctive Mood is the mood of probability or possibility
  • what may or might be, rather than what is, which is expressed by the Indicative
  • This is often expressed with a conditional preface to a statement, e.g. “If I study well (the condition has the verb in the subjunctive), I will earn (the possible outcome) an A on the exam”
  • also exhortation (hortatory) or something that is generally true (axiomatic)
  • Since it denotes something probable or possible, the Subjunctive often refers to something in the potential future, BUT…
• Since the Subjunctive is a non-Indicative mood, it is negated by μή. (31.18)
• Like all Greek non-Indicative moods, the Subjunctive has no time significance
• The Subjunctive occurs in the Present and the Aorist (and rarely the Perfect), and their respective aspects are what you would expect:
  • Present, built on the Present Tense stem, has Continuous aspect
  • Aorist, built on the (unaugmented) Aorist Tense stem, has Simple aspect
  • Perfect, built on the (unreduplicated) Perfect Tense stem, has Completed aspect (31.21)
    • In the NT, the Perfect Subjunctive is found only in 10 forms of οἶδα
• The telltale sign of the Subjunctive is the lengthened connecting vowel
  • ο → ω
  • ε → η
• The Subjunctive uses the same primary endings as the Indicative, with the lengthened connecting vowel
• The endings are the same in both the Present and the Aorist. What does this mean?
  • As with participles, that you must know the Tense Stems, in order to distinguish.
• Formation of the Present Subjunctive (31.8-31.9)
  • Present Tense Stem + Lengthened Connecting Vowel ( ω/η ) + Primary personal endings
  • Note that ει lengthens to ῃ with the lengthening of the connecting vowel, e.g. in the 2nd and 3rd person singular forms
  • 2nd person sing
• Formation of the Aorist Subjunctive (31.10-31.11)
  • Unaugmented Aorist Tense Stem + (Tense Formative σ if 1st Aorist) + Lengthened Connecting Vowel ( ω/η ) + Primary personal endings
  • A 1st Aorist subjunctive is distinguished from the Present by the presence of the Tense Formative σ, e.g.
  • A 2nd Aorist subjunctive is distinguished from the Present because it has a different tense stem, e.g. λαμβάνωμεν vs. λάβωμεν
  • No temporal augment, as with the Aorist participle, since there is no time significance
  • As with the Present, ει lengthens to ῃ with the lengthening of the connecting vowel
• Review the Master Verb Endings Chart (BBG p.354)

Master Verb Ending Chart (BBG p.354)

• Check out the Master Non-indicative Verb Chart (BBG p.358)

Subjunctive

(See Master Non-indicative Verb Chart (BBG p.358, pp. 370-372)

Uses of the Subjunctive

• Dependant Clauses
  • Purpose Clause (31.13)
    • ἵνα + the Subjunctive expresses purpose
    • ἵνα μή or ὅπως μή = “in order that not” i.e. “lest”
  • Conditional Clause
    • “if something, then something else
    • The “if” part of a conditional sentence is the protasis – “arranged before”
    • The “then” part of a conditional sentence is the apodosis – “given from” i.e. what results from the condition expressed in the protasis
    • Summary of 4 classes of Conditional Sentences on page 341
    • 3rd Class Conditions – 2 types:
      • Future More Probable, (aka Future More Vivid)
        • Protasis (ἐάν + Subjunctive), Apodosis (Future Indicative, or Imperative)
        • States that if the condition is met, then something will definitely happen.
        • e.g. Matt. 9.21: ἔλεγεν γὰρ ἐν ἑαυτῇ· ἐὰν μόνον ἅψωμαι τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ σωθήσομαι.
        • e.g. John 14.14: ἐάν τι αἰτήσητέ με ἐν τῷ ὀνόματί μου ἐγὼ ποιήσω.
      • Present General
        • Protasis (ἐάν + Subjunctive), Apodosis (Present Indicative)
        • States a general, or axiomatic truth
        • e.g. 1 John 4.12: ἐὰν ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν μένει
• Independant Clauses
  • Hortatory Subjunctive (31.15)
    • “Hortatory” is related to the word “exhort”
    • Subjunctive in the 1st person, usually plural
    • e.g. ἀναγινώσκωμεν τὰς γράφας
  • Deliberative Subjunctive (31.16)
    • A question whose answer in uncertain or in doubt.
    • Hence the verb is in the Subjunctive, since the speaker is not expressing certainty (Indicative), but rather only possibility or doubt.
    • e.g. Luke 3.12: ἦλθον δὲ καὶ τελῶναι βαπτισθῆναι καὶ εἶπαν πρὸς αὐτόν· διδάσκαλε, τί ποιήσωμεν;

• Recognizing Subjunctive Clauses
  • Look for ἄν in any of its combinations: ὅταν (ὅτε + ἄν), ἐὰν (εί + ἄν), ὅς ἄν, ἕως ἄν
  • Lengthened connecting vowel – ο → ω, ε → η
  • Unaugmented Aorist

3 ways to pose a question (31.19)

• Simple verb – not indication of what answer is expected
  • e.g. John 9.17: τί σὺ λέγεις περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὅτι ἠνέῳξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς;
• verb preceded by οὐ – expects an affirmative answer
  • e.g. John 14.10: οὐ πιστεύεις ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐν τῷ πατρὶ καὶ ὁ πατὴρ ἐν ἐμοί ἐστιν;
• verb preceded by μή – expects a negative answer,
  • e.g. 1Cor. 12.29: μὴ πάντες ἀπόστολοι; μὴ πάντες προφῆται; μὴ πάντες διδάσκαλοι; μὴ πάντες δυνάμεις;

Exegetical Insights

John 10.27-28 – τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς μου ἀκούουσιν, κἀγὼ γινώσκω αὐτὰ καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι, κἀγὼ δίδωμι αὐτοῖς ζωὴν αἰώνιον καὶ οὐ μὴ ἀπόλωνται εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ οὐχ ἁρπάσει τις αὐτὰ ἐκ τῆς χειρός μου.

strengthened, emphatic double-negative, οὐ μὴ

• also consider footnote 6 on p.295

New Vocabulary

• λίθος – derivatives? lithography, monolith,

Scripture Memory for next class

John 17.3 – αὕτη δέ ἐστιν ἡ αἰώνιος ζωὴ ἵνα γινώσκωσιν σὲ τὸν μόνον ἀληθινὸν θεὸν καὶ ὃν ἀπέστειλας Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν.

Assignments

• Weekly Memorization: John 17.3, review past passages
• Complete workbook exercise 31
• Prepare for quiz next week on chapter 31 – Subjunctives
• Read chapter 32 on Infinitives
• Make plans to acquire the required texts for the 2nd half of the semester
• Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
• Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along as you are able

The Lord’s Prayer

Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου· ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
ἀμήν.

χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη,   Διδάσκαλος Ἀνδρέας Ἀέρος     :-)