Home » Greek Class Notes » Semester 2, Lecture 11: Perfect Indicative

“χαῖρετε μαθηταί”

Review and Addenda

Review Aorist and Future Passives

  • In English we form passives by using helping verbs, was/were/will be, e.g. ‘you were taken’
    • See Appendix on p. 353
    • This is how we will translate the Aorist and Future passives
  • Both are built on the 6th Principal Part (aka Tense Form)
    • e.g. λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, -, -, ἐλύθην
    • We will learn the 4th and 5th Principal Parts (Perfect Active, Perfect Middle/Passive) next chapter
  • Formation of Aorist Passive:
    • Temporal Augment ε
      • Indicates Past Time
      • Always goes with Secondary Endings
    • Aorist Passive Tense Stem
      • Usually the same as the Present Tense Stem in 1st Aorist,
      • It often varies in the 2nd Aorist (the paradigmatic γράφω, γράψω, ἐγράφην does not)
    • Tense Formative θη (1st Aorist) or η (2nd Aorist)
      • The presence of θη is a fairly reliable indicator of the Aorist Passive
      • Stops will aspirate before the Tense Formative θη – See 24.10 and footnote 4
      • No connecting vowels. (Why?) – Tense Formative ends with a vowel
    • Secondary Active Endings
      • Alternative ending -σαν in 3rd Plural
  • Paradigms for Aorist Passive
    • 1st Aorist Passive – 24.4-5
    • 2nd Aorist Passive – 24.11-12
  • Formation of Future Passive
    • Aorist Passive Tense Stem (no augment – why?)
    • Tense Formative θης (1st Future) or ης (Second Future)
      • Sigma is adding for the Future, just as in the Active
    • Connecting Vowel (ο/ε)
    • Primary Passive Endings
      • -θησαν is Aorist Passive 3rd Plural, not Future Passive – only exception to the θης pattern.
  • Translate Future Passive – λυθήσομαι → “I will be loosed”
  • Paradigms for Future Passive
    • 1st Future Passive – 24.14-15
    • 2nd Future Passive – 24.18-19
  • Deponent Futures may be Middle in form or Passive in Form
    • Compare γενήσομαι (Middle Form) and φοβηθήσομαι (Passive Form) – both deponents (Active meaning), “I will become” and “I will be afraid” respectively

Perfect Indicative – See Smyth on the Perfect

  • Exegetical Insight – τετέλεσται
  • Perfect Tense: past time (from the speaker’s viewpoint), completed action
    • Action occurred and was completed in the past, but its effect are felt in the present
      • English has no exact equivalent to the Greek Perfect Tense
      • We translate using helping verbs have/has/is with the participle, past or present, depending on context
        • e.g. πεπίστευκας – You have believed
        • e.g. γέγραπται – It is written
      • Often used to express significant theological truth, e.g. “Jesus died” vs. “Jesus has died (for our sins)”
  • Formation and Paradigm of the Perfect Active (25.4-5)
    • Reduplication
      • Consonantal – initial consonant of Tense Stem is doubled, followed by ε, e.g. λελ
        • Aspirates reduplicate to Voiceless

The Square of Stops (BBG p. 83)

<Type Voiceless Voiced Aspirate With Sigma
Labials π β φ + σ => ψ
Velars(Palatals) κ γ χ + σ => ξ
Dentals τ δ θ + σ => σσ => σ
  • Vocalic – initial vowel of Tense Stem is lengthened
    • Diphthongs often do not lengthen
    • Verbs beginning with a consonantal cluster (2 or more consonants), will usually have vocalic reduplication, e.g. γνω (γινώσκω) → ἔγνωκα
  • Compound verbs reduplicate the verbal part of the verb
  • Perfect Active Tense Stem (4th Principal Part, aka “Tense Form”)
  • Tense Formative κα (α for 2nd Perfects)
    • In 3rd singular, κα → κε as in Aorist σα → σε
  • Primary Active Personal Endings
    • 3rd person plural variant καν, similar to 1st Aorist
  • Formation and Paradigm of the Perfect Middle/Passive (25.6-7)
    • Reduplication
    • Perfect Middle/Passive Tense Stem (5th Principal Part, aka “Tense Form”)
    • Primary Middle/Passive Personal Endings
      • No Tense Formative or Connecting Vowel
  • Contract vowels lengthen, as in the Future and Aorist

    Master Indicative Verb Chart

    (See BBG p.356, 359)

    Verb Tense Augment/
    Reduplication    		 Tense
    Stem    		 Tense
    Formative    		 Connecting
    Vowel    		 Personal
    Endings    		 1st Person
    Singular
     
    Present Active — Present — ο/ε Primary Active λύω
    Present Middle/Passive — Present — ο/ε Primary Middle/Passive λύομαι
     
    Imperfect Active ε Present — ο/ε Secondary Active ἔλυον
    Imperfect Middle/Passive ε Present — ο/ε Secondary Middle/Passive ἐλυόμην
     
    Future Active — Future Active σ ο/ε Primary Active λύσω
    Liquid Future Active — Future Active εσ ο/ε Primary Active μενῶ
    Future Middle — Future Active σ ο/ε Primary Middle/Passive πορεύομαι
    Liquid Future Middle — Future Active εσ ο/ε Primary Middle/Passive μενοῦμαι
    1st Future Passive — Aorist Passive θησ ο/ε Primary Middle/Passive λυθήσομαι
    2nd Future Passive — Aorist Passive ησ ο/ε Primary Middle/Passive ἀποσταλήσομαι
     
    1st Aorist Active ε Aorist Active σα — Secondary Active ἔλυσα
    Liquid Aorist Active ε Aorist Active α — Secondary Active ἔμεινα
    2nd Aorist Active ε Aorist Active — ο/ε Secondary Active ἔλαβον
    1st Aorist Middle ε Aorist Active σα — Secondary Middle/Passive ἐλυσάμην
    2nd Aorist Middle ε Aorist Active — ο/ε Secondary Middle/Passive ἐγενόμην
    1st Aorist Passive ε Aorist Passive θη — Secondary Active ἐλύθην
    2nd Aorist Passive ε Aorist Passive η — Secondary Active ἐγράφην
     
    1st Perfect Active λε Perfect Active κα — Primary Active λέκυκα
    2nd Perfect Active λε Perfect Active α — Primary Active γέγονα
    Perfect Middle/Passive λε Perfect Passive — — Primary Middle/Passive λέκυμαι

    Meaning of the Middle Voice (25.17)

    • The action of the verb somehow affects the subject
    • Most middles are active in meaning

    Review New Vocabulary

    • Note that you are now learning 4 principal parts
    • After next week you will be learning all 6
    • Learn the 6th Principal Part for previous vocabulary

    Review principal parts (pp. 222-223)

    Look at chapter 25 workbook exercises

    Assignments

    • Final Exam is in 2 weeks. It will cumulatively cover the entire year’s work:
      • Review Noun Rules, 1st, 2nd, 3rd declensions, etc. as well as everything from this semester
      • All work in workbook must be complete before you take the Exam, through the review on chapters 21-25.
    • Prepare for quiz next week on chapter 25 on the Perfect, and complete workbook exercise 25 on the same
    • Review Exercise on chapters 21-25 will be the following week
    • Learn all 6 principal parts for all verbs to date
    • Continue your life habit of reading Greek aloud from the Greek New Testament
    • Lexical Aids: Appendix II pp 79-85 on compound verbs. Part I pp.1-10 – make sure you know all words with NT occurrences > 150. Pay special attentive to the derivatives
    • Continue taking your Greek NT to church with you, and follow along

    The Lord’s Prayer

    Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
    ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου· ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
    τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
    καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
    καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
    ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δοξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.
    ἀμήν.

    χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη,   Διδάσκαλος Ἀνδρέας Ἀέρος     :-)